Ukuqina kwekhadibhodi emhlophe kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kwayo kokuprinta. Kuchaphazela ukondla amaphepha, ukunamathela kwiinki, kunye nomgangatho wokuprinta ngokubanzi. Olu hlalutyo luhlola indlela i-GSM eyahlukeneyo echaphazela ngayo ezi zinto zibalulekileyo kwizixhobo ezifanaIbhodi yePhepha le-FBBkwayeIbhodi ye-Ivory esecaleni elinye, kuquka iimveliso ezifanaibhodi egoqekayo ye-ningbo evela kwi-APP.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe
- IikhadibhodiI-GSM ibonisa ubunzima bayo kunye nobukhulu bayo. I-GSM ephezulu ithetha ikhadibhodi enzima netyebileyo.
- Ikhadibhodi eqinileyo inceda ukuprinta. Itya kakuhle, ibamba i-inki kakuhle, kwaye igcina imifanekiso ilungelelene.
- Khetha ikhadibhodi ngokusekelwe kwindlela esetyenziswa ngayo. Thelekisa i-GSM yayo kunye nokuqina kwayo neemfuno zeprinta yakho kunye nemveliso yokugqibela.
Ukuqonda i-GSM kwiipropati zeKhadibhodi eMhlophe
Ukuchaza i-GSM yeKhadibhodi eMhlophe
I-GSM, okanye iiGram ngeMetha yesikwere, yindlela eqhelekileyo yokulinganisa ubunzima bephepha. Ibonisa ubungakanani beegrama ezinobunzima bephepha elinye lemitha yesikwere. Le metric yindlela eqhelekileyo yehlabathi yokubonisa ubunzima bephepha. Imele ubunzima kwiigrama zephepha elinye elilinganisa imitha enye ngemitha enye. I-GSM ephantsi ithetha iphepha elikhaphukhaphu, elincinci, ngelixa i-GSM ephezulu ithetha ikhadi elinzima, elinobukhulu. I-GSM ilinganisa ubunzima, kodwa amaphepha anzima ngokubanzi atyebile.
Uluhlu oluQhelekileyo lweGSM kunye nosetyenziso lweWhite Cardboard
Ikhadibhodi emhlophe inika uluhlu olubanzi lwe-GSM, ngesiqhelo ukusuka kwi-190 GSM ukuya kwi-400 GSM nangaphezulu. Olu kuguquguquka luvumela amashishini ukuba akhethe ubukhulu obufanelekileyo kwiimfuno zawo. Iibhodi ze-GSM ezikhaphukhaphu kulula ukuziphatha kwaye zixabisa kancinci xa kuprintwa ngobuninzi. Iibhodi ezinzima zibonelela ngesakhiwo esingcono seebhokisi kunye nezigqubuthelo. Ezi bhodi zinzima zifuna ukhuseleko oluphuculweyo kwaye zinika uvakalelo oluphezulu. Ikhadibhodi emhlophe ifanelekile kwiibhokisi zokuhombisa, amakhadi eshishini, kunye neebhokisi zekhekhe.
Igalelo leFiber Density kunye neBungqingqwa kwiWhite Cardboard GSM
Ubuninzi befayibha kunye nobukhulu bunegalelo ngokuthe ngqo kwi-GSM yekhadibhodi emhlophe. Ubuninzi befayibha ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sephepha buyandisa ubunzima bayo ngemitha yesikwere. Ngokufanayo, ubukhulu obukhulu bukhokelela kwi-GSM ephezulu. Umzekelo, ibhodi ye-210 GSM idla ngokuba nobukhulu obuyi-0.27 mm, ngelixa ibhodi ye-400 GSM inokufikelela kwi-0.55 mm ubukhulu. Olu lwalamano lubonisa ukuba njengoko i-GSM isanda, ibhodi ngokubanzi iba nkulu kwaye iqine ngakumbi.
Ubudlelwane obuthe ngqo phakathi kwe-GSM kunye nokuqina kwekhadibhodi emhlophe
Ukuchaza Ukuqina kunye neendlela zokulinganisa
Ukuqina kuchaza ukumelana kwezinto ekugobeni okanye ekuguqukeni kwazo phantsi kwamandla asetyenzisiweyo. Luphawu olubalulekileyo loomatshiniizixhobo zebhodi yephephaImigangatho yoshishino inika iindlela ezicacileyo zokulinganisa olu phawu. Umzekelo, i-ISO 5628 ichaza iindlela ezintathu eziphambili zovavanyo lokufumanisa ukuqina phantsi kokuguquguquka: uvavanyo lwe-flexure olune-point 2, 3-point, kunye no-4-point. Iindlela ze-flexure ezi-2 kunye no-3-point zifanelekile kwiphepha elincinci kunye nekhadibhodi. Indlela ye-flexure enee-point 4 iyacetyiswa kwibhodi etyebileyo kunye nekhadibhodi. Ukongeza, i-DIN 53121 ichaza ukumisela okunxulumene nobubanzi kwamandla e-flexural kusetyenziswa indlela ye-beam. I-ISO 2493-1 ikwachaza iindlela zokumisela amandla e-flexural ephepha kunye nekhadibhodi ngokusekelwe kumthwalo we-point 2.
Izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zinceda ukuvavanya ukuqina ngokuchanekileyo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka uvavanyo lokugoba (BNT) kunye novavanyo lokugoba olune-point ezine. Iindlela zokulinganisa ezingadibaniyo, ezifana ne-video extensometry kunye ne-digital image correlation (DIC), zilinganisa ukufuduka kunye noxinzelelo. Ezi ndlela zinceda ekumiseleni iiparameter eziphambili zoomatshini ezifana nokuqina kokugoba (BS). Izixhobo ezifana noluhlu lwe-Texture Analyzer kunye ne-Three Point Bend Rig zenza uvavanyo lokuqina kwe-flexural. Ezi vavanyo zibonisa ukumelana kwezinto kwi-deformation xa zigobile.
Ulwalamano lwe-GSM kunye noBulukhuni kwiKhadibhodi emhlophe
Kukho ubudlelwane obuthe ngqo phakathiikhadibhodi emhlopheI-GSM ka-'s kunye nokuqina kwayo. Ngokubanzi, njengoko i-GSM isanda, ukuqina kwekhadibhodi nako kuyanda. I-GSM ephezulu ibonisa izinto ezingaphezulu ngemitha yesikwere. Oku kuthetha ukuba ibhodi ineefayibha ezininzi kwaye inobukhulu obukhulu. Izinto ezingaphezulu zibonelela ngokumelana okukhulayo namandla okugoba. Ke ngoko, ibhodi ye-GSM engama-300 ihlala iqinile kakhulu kunebhodi ye-GSM engama-200 yohlobo olufanayo. Olu kuqina luphuculweyo lunegalelo elikhulu kwisakhiwo sezinto. Ikwaphucula iipropati zayo zokuphatha ngexesha leenkqubo ezahlukeneyo.
Izinto Ezichaphazela Ukuqina Kwekhadibhodi Elimhlophe Ngaphaya kweGSM
Nangona i-GSM iluphawu oluphambili lokuqina, ezinye izinto nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Iimeko zendalo, umzekelo, zichaphazela kakhulu indlela esebenza ngayo ibhodi yephepha. Utshintsho kubushushu kunye nokufuma okunxulumeneyo kunokwenza kube nzima ukuqinisekiswa kokuthembeka kwemveliso ekupakisheni. Ubungakanani bokufuma kwikhadibhodi emhlophe yinto ebalulekileyo. Ichaphazela kakhulu umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kwesixhobo, kubandakanya amandla kunye nokuqina kwaso.
Utshintsho kumswakama ohambelanayo (RH) lunemiphumo emibi kakhulu kwiimpawu zoomatshini kunye namandla enethiwekhi yefayibha yephepha. Ukwanda komxholo womswakama ngenxa yotshintsho lwe-RH kunokukhokelela kumazinga aphezulu okuxinana koxinzelelo. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwiipakethi ezihlanganisiweyo ngexesha lokuthuthwa nokugcinwa ixesha elide. Ke ngoko, ukugcina iimeko zokusingqongileyo ezizinzileyo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kokuqina rhoqo. Ezinye izinto ezifana nohlobo lwefayibha, ukujongwa kwefayibha, kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa (umz., ukulinganisa) nazo zinegalelo kwiimpawu zokuqina kokugqibela.
Impembelelo yokuqina kwekhadibhodi emhlophe ekusebenzeni kokuprinta
Ukuqina kweikhadibhodi emhlopheIchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwayo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuprinta. Le mpawu ibalulekileyo ichaphazela yonke into ukususela kwindlela amaphepha ahamba ngayo kwi-press ukuya ekubonakaleni kokugqibela kunye nokuqina kwemveliso eprintiweyo. Abashicileli kufuneka baqonde ezi mpembelelo ukuze bafumane iziphumo ezilungileyo.
Ukondla kunye nokuphatha amaphepha ngokuqina okutshintshatshintshayo
Ukuqina kwekhadibhodi emhlophe kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela oomatshini bokushicilela abatya ngayo kwaye baphatha ngayo amaphepha ngamanye.Iibhodi eziqinileyongokubanzi zondla ngokutyibilikayo nangokungaguquguqukiyo ngezixhobo zokuprinta ezikhawulezayo. Ziyamelana nokugoba nokukruquka njengoko zihamba ngeebhanti zokuhambisa kunye neerola. Iibhodi ezingenabo ukuqina okwaneleyo zinokubangela ukuxinana rhoqo, ukungatyi kakuhle, kunye nokulibaziseka kwemveliso. Oku kukhokelela ekwandeni kwenkunkuma kunye nokusebenza okunciphileyo. Iiprinta zihlala zilungisa useto lomatshini, olufana noxinzelelo lomoya kunye noxinzelelo lwegripper, ukuze zilungele amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuqina. Nangona kunjalo, iibhodi eziguquguquka kakhulu zihlala zinzima ukuzilawula, nokuba kukho utshintsho olunjani.
Ukuncamathelisa i-inki kunye nokufunxwa kwayo kwikhadibhodi emhlophe eqinileyo
Ukuqina kukwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindlela i-inki enamathela ngayo kwaye ifunxa ngayo kumphezulu wekhadibhodi emhlophe. Iibhodi eziqinileyo zihlala zinomphezulu ofanayo nozinzileyo. Oku kuvumela ukudluliselwa kwe-inki okungcono kunye nobukhulu befilimu ye-inki obuhambelanayo. Umphezulu ozinzileyo unciphisa ukufunxa kwe-inki okungalinganiyo, okunokukhokelela kwiindawo zokushicilela ezimnyama okanye ezifipheleyo. Xa ibhodi iguquguquka kakhulu, inokonakala kancinci ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwe-inki. Oku kubangela uxinzelelo olungaguqukiyo oluvela kwipleyiti yokuprinta okanye ingubo. Oku kungangqinelani kunokubangela ukunamathela kwe-inki okungalunganga, ukugungqa, okanye ukungabikho kobukhali kumfanekiso oprintiweyo. Ukuqina kwesakhiwo sebhodi eqinileyo kunceda ukugcina unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi komphezulu wokuprinta kunye ne-inki.
Ubhaliso lokuPrinta kunye nokuzinza kobukhulu bekhadibhodi emhlophe
Ukugcina ubhaliso oluchanekileyo lokuprinta kubalulekile ekuprinteni okusemgangathweni ophezulu ngemibala emininzi. Ukuqina kwekhadibhodi emhlophe kuncedisa ngokuthe ngqo ekuzinzeni kwayo ngokwemilinganiselo. Olu zinzo luqinisekisa ukuba iphepha ligcina imo kunye nobukhulu balo kuzo zonke iindlela ezininzi zokuprinta. Ibhodi ezinzileyo ngokwemilinganiselo ithintela utshintsho olunokulungelelanisa imibala okanye imifanekiso.
Iphepha elithambileyo kakhulu linokucinezeleka ngokungalinganiyo, nto leyo ebangela iimpazamo zokubhalisa, ukukrwela i-inki, okanye ukutshintsha kombala.
Iibhodi eziqinileyo azikwazi ukunwebeka okanye ukuncipha ngenxa yotshintsho kumaqondo obushushu, ukufuma, okanye uxinzelelo loomatshini ngexesha lokuprinta. Olu xhathiso lubalulekile ekufezekiseni imizobo kunye nombhalo ocacileyo nolungelelaniswe ngokugqibeleleyo. Uzinzo olubi, oluhlala lunxulunyaniswa nokuqina okunganelanga, lukhokelela kwimifanekiso engacacanga kunye nomgangatho wokuprinta ongamkelekanga.
Iinkqubo Zasemva Kokuprinta Nokuqina Kwekhadibhodi Emhlophe
Ukuqina kwekhadibhodi emhlophe kwandisa impembelelo yayo ngaphaya kwesigaba sokuprinta ukuya kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo emva kokuprinta. Ezi nkqubo ziquka ukusika, ukukrazula, ukugoba, ukuqhobosha, kunye nokusika nge-die-cut. Iibhodi eziqinileyo zibonelela ngokusika kunye nokuqhekeka okucocekileyo, okuchanekileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba azikwazi ukukrazula okanye ukukrazula emaphethelweni. Xa zigoqwa, ibhodi eqinileyo idala imigobo ebukhali, echaziweyo ngaphandle kokuqhekeza umphezulu. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ekupakisheni nasekukhuthazeni izixhobo. Ekuqhobosheni nasekulahleni, isiseko esiqinileyo sivumela ukubonakala okunzulu nokuneenkcukacha ngakumbi. Iibhodi ezinokuqina okunganelanga zinokukhokelela ekuqhekekeni okungacacanga, imigobo ekrazukileyo, kunye neempawu ezingaphantsi, ezichaziweyo kakubi. Oku kubeka emngciphekweni ubuhle bemveliso yokugqibela kunye nokuqina kwesakhiwo.
Ukuhlalutya iiMeko zeKhadibhodi ezimhlophe ze-Multi-GSM
Ikhadibhodi emhlophe ye-GSM ephantsi: Imingeni kunye neenzuzo
Ikhadibhodi emhlophe ye-GSM ephantsi inika ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko kunye nokuphathwa okulula kokuprinta ngobuninzi. Nangona kunjalo, inemingeni ethile. Le nto iyakwazi ukugoba nokugoba. Izinto ezingqongileyo ezifana nokuguquguquka komswakama zibangela ukuba iphepha loluleke okanye linciphe. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni liqine okanye liqine ngaphambi kokuprinta. Ukuba imicu yephepha iyatshintsha ngexesha lokwenziwa, ukwanda komswakama kudala uxinzelelo olujikelezayo. Olu xinzelelo lubangela imiphetho yephepha egobileyo. Iiprinta zinokulwa nokugoba. Zifaka umaleko omncinci we-varathane esekwe emanzini kwicala elisezantsi lento. Oku kulinganisela uxinzelelo kwaye kuthintela ukugoba xa kusikwa okanye kufakwa i-inki.
Ikhadibhodi emhlophe ye-GSM ephakathi: Ibhalansi efanelekileyo yokuprinta
Ikhadibhodi emhlophe ye-GSM ephakathi idla ngokubonelela ngebhalansi efanelekileyoizicelo ezininzi zokuprinta. Inika ukuqina okwaneleyo kokutyiswa nokuphathwa kwamaphepha okuthembekileyo. Olu luhlu lwe-GSM lukwaxhasa ukunamathela okuhle kwe-inki kunye nokubhaliswa kokuprinta. Luthintela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kweendlela ze-GSM eziphantsi. Luthintela neendleko zeebhodi ze-GSM eziphezulu kakhulu. Abashicileli bafumana olu luhlu lusebenziseka lula kwiincwadana, iiflaya, kunye nokupakishwa okuqhelekileyo. Lubonelela ngeziphumo ezisemgangathweni ngaphandle kweendleko ezigqithisileyo zezinto okanye iimfuno zezixhobo ezikhethekileyo.
Ikhadibhodi emhlophe ye-GSM ephezulu: Iingenelo kunye nezinto ekufuneka uziqwalasele
Ikhadibhodi emhlophe yeGSM ephezulu inika iingenelo ezibalulekileyo kwizicelo zokuprinta ezifuna umgudu. Ityebile kwaye ihlala ixesha elide. Oku kuhlala ixesha elide kunceda iphepha ukuba lingagobi kwaye likrazuke. Amaphepha axineneyo aneGSM ephezulu ahlala ixesha elide. Akwabonelela ngemvakalelo yexabiso eliphezulu. Ezi mpawu ziyenza ifaneleke kakhulu ekupakishweni kobunewunewu okanye kwizimemo ezikhethekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, iphepha leGSM ephezulu lidla ngokubiza ngaphezulu. Oku kungenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezininzi. Eli xabiso liphezulu lichaphazela uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lulonke, ngakumbi kwimisebenzi emikhulu yokuprinta. Ezinye iiprinta zasekhaya okanye zaseofisini nazo zinokuba neengxaki. Oku kuquka ukuxinana okanye ukondliwa kakubi ngenxa yobukhulu bephepha. Abasebenzisi kufuneka bajonge iinkcukacha zeprinta ukuze babone ukuba ziyahambelana na.
Ukuphucula Ukukhethwa Kwekhadibhodi Emhlophe Ukuze Kube Nempumelelo Yokuprinta
Abashicileli kufuneka bakhethe ngononophelo ikhadibhodi emhlophe ukuqinisekisa iziphumo eziphumelelayo zokuprinta. Oku kubandakanya ukufanisa iimpawu zezinto ezibonakalayo nobuchule bokuprinta, kucingelwa ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso yokugqibela, kunye nokuqinisekisa umgangatho womthengisi.
Ukufanisa i-GSM kunye nokuqina kweemfuno zePress
Iiprinta kufuneka zihambelane ne-GSM yekhadibhodi emhlophe kunye nokuqina kwayo neemfuno zayo zokucinezela. Iiprinta ezahlukeneyo zokuprinta ziphatha ubukhulu kunye nokuqina kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Iiprinta ezikhawulezayo zihlala zifuna iibhodi eziqinileyo ukuze zondleke kakuhle kwaye zithintele ukuxinana. Iiprinta zilungisa useto lomatshini ukuze zisebenze kakuhle. Ukukhetha i-GSM echanekileyo kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye kunciphisa iingxaki zemveliso.
Usetyenziso Lokugqibela kunye Nomgangatho Wokuprinta Ofunekayo
Isicelo sokugqibela esicetywayo sichaza ngokuthe ngqo i-GSM efunekayo kwikhadibhodi emhlophe. Oku kulinganisela imvakalelo enkulu neemfuno ezisebenzayo. Umzekelo, iiletaheads kunye namaxwebhu asisiseko adla ngokusebenzisa i-90-120 GSM. Iiflaya kunye neepowusta zihlala zifuna i-150-200 GSM ukuze zibonakale ngakumbi. Iincwadana kunye namakhadi asongiweyo asebenza kakuhle kwi-200-250 GSM, enika imvakalelo entle ngaphandle kobunzima bokukrala. Amakhadi eshishini kunye nezinto zokubhala eziphezulu zifuna ii-GSM eziphezulu, ngokuqhelekileyo i-300 GSM nangaphezulu, ukuze zidlulisele umgangatho kunye nokuqina. Ukupakisha kufuna iibhodi ezityebileyo, eziqinileyo kunye ne-GSM elingana nephezulu, kuxhomekeke kwimveliso.
| I-GSM (g/m²) | Ubukhulu (iiMicrons) | Isicelo esiqhelekileyo |
|---|---|---|
| 200 GSM | 230–250 µm | Iibhokisi ezincinci, imikhono yangaphakathi |
| 230 GSM | 280–300 µm | Iimpahla zokutya, iibhokisi ezikhaphukhaphu |
| 250 GSM | 310–330 µm | Iipakethi ze-FMCG, izinto zokubhala |
| 280 GSM | 340–360 µm | Iibhokisi zezithambiso kunye neyeza |
| 300 GSM | 370–390 µm | Ukupakishwa kokutya okuphakathi |
| 350 GSM | 440–460 µm | Iibhokisi eziqinileyo, iibhokisi ezitshixwa ngokuzenzekelayo |
| 400 GSM | 500–550 µm | Ukupakishwa kweziselo zeprimiyamu |
| 450 GSM | 580–600 µm | Iibhokisi ezinzima |
| 500 GSM | 630–650 µm | Ukupakisha kwemizi-mveliso |
Amaphepha e-GSM aphezulu (angama-300 GSM nangaphezulu) anika ukuqina okukhulu kwizinto ezifana namakhadi eshishini. I-GSM ephezulu idla ngokubonisa umgangatho kunye nobunewunewu, njengoko kubonakala kwizimemo zomtshato. Kwizinto ezifana neencwadana, i-GSM ibalulekile; amaphepha amakhulu kakhulu anokuqhekeka xa egoqwe.
Iinkcukacha zoMboneleli kunye noLawulo loMgangatho weKhadibhodi eMhlophe
Ababoneleli banikezela ngeenkcukacha ezibalulekileyo kunye namanyathelo okulawula umgangatho wekhadibhodi emhlophe. Benza uvavanyo lwe-GSM ukulinganisa ubunzima bephepha, bebonisa ubukhulu kunye nomgangatho. Benza novavanyo lobukhulu okanye lwe-caliper besebenzisa ii-micrometer. Olu vavanyo luqinisekisa ukuba izinto ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho echaziweyo efana ne-ISO 534.
Abathengisi badla ngokubonelela ngeziqinisekiso ze-ISO 9001 kunye ne-14001. Bakwabonelela ngeziqinisekiso ze-FSC zokufumana imveliso ezinzileyo. Kwizicelo zoshishino lokutya, iziqinisekiso ezikhuselekileyo zokuqhagamshelana nokutya ziyafumaneka. Iingxelo zovavanyo lwelabhoratri ze-GSM, BF, kunye nomxholo womswakama ziqinisekisa umgangatho.
Ukuqina sisalathisi esibalulekileyo, esihlala silinganiswa bukuqina kweTaber. Ukusebenza kokuprinta kuxhomekeke kumphezulu ogudileyo, ofanayo, olungiselelwe ukuprinta okunesisombululo esiphezulu. I-ISO 5628 kunye ne-DIN 53 121 zilinganisa ukuqina kokugoba. I-ISO 8791-4 ilinganisa uburhabaxa bomphezulu, kunye namaxabiso aphantsi abonisa umphezulu ogudileyo. I-ISO 3783 ivavanya amandla omphezulu, ivavanya ukumelana nokuqokelelwa kunye nokudumba.
I-GSM yekhadibhodi emhlophe imisela ngokuthe ngqo ukuqina kwayo. Le mpawu ibalulekileyo ichaphazela onke amanqanaba enkqubo yokuprinta. Amashishini kufuneka akhethe ikhadibhodi emhlophe ye-multi-GSM efanelekileyo ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno ezithile zokuqina. Oku kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuprinta kwaye kufezekisa iziphumo zemveliso ezinqwenelekayo.
FAQ
Ithetha ukuthini i-GSM kwikhadibhodi emhlophe?
I-GSM imele iiGrams ngeSquare Meter. Ilinganisa ubunzima be-square meter enye yekhadibhodi. I-GSM ephezulu ithetha i-hardboard ne-bulky ngokubanzi.
Ukuqina kwento kuyichaphazela njani ukuprinta?
Ukuqina kwekhadibhodi kunceda ukuba iprinte ityiwe kakuhle. Ikwaqinisekisa ukuba i-inki inamathela kakuhle kwaye ibhaliswe ngokuchanekileyo. Iibhodi eziqinileyo zithintela ukuxinana kwaye ziphucula umgangatho wokuprinta.
Kutheni i-GSM ephakathi ithandwa kakhulu?
Ikhadibhodi emhlophe ye-GSM ephakathi inika ulungelelwano oluhle. Inika ukuqina okwaneleyo kokuprinta okuthembekileyo ngaphandle kokuba kubize kakhulu okanye kube nzima ukuyiphatha. Ifanele imisebenzi emininzi yokuprinta eqhelekileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-30-2026